Machine generated contents note: 1 Introduction 3
Environmentalism and Biocentrism 4
From Environmentalism to Environmental Justice 5
Understanding Environmental Injustice 6
2 Distributive Justice, Participative Justice, and the Principle of Prima Facie Political Equality 23
The Principle of Prima Facie Political Equality (PPFPE) and Distributive Justice 24
The Principle of Prima Facie Political Equality and Participative Justice 27
Objections to the Principle of Prima Facie Political Equality 29
How Careless Use of Science Can Encourage Environmental Injustice 34
Federal versus Local Control of Siting: Balancing Equity and Utility 36
3 Appalachians, Access to Land, and Procedural Justice 49
Setting the Scene for the First Argument: The
Another Instance of Environmental Injustice: The Appalachian Farmer 53
ProceduralJustice and End-State Principles 55
A Procedurally Based Argumentfor Limiting Property Rights in Resources 56
Resource Transactions, Voluntariness, and the Lockean Proviso 56
Suggestions for Limiting Property Rights in Land 62
Objections to the Argument 63
A Second Argument for Limiting Property Rights in Resources 64
Objections to the Second Argument 65
4 African Americans, LULUs, and Free Informed Consent 71
Reverend Coleman and the South Side 71
A Case Study: Homer, Louisiana 74
The Louisiana Siting Was Not EthicallyJustified 77
Objections and Replies: An EnvironmentallyJust Energy Policy 84
Objections and Replies: No Economic Need for the Plant 90
5 Equity and Duties to Future Generations: The Case of Yucca Mountain 95
Prima Facie Arguments for Equal Treatment 96
Utilitarian Objections 97
Duties to Future Generations 100
Consent and Future Persons 105
Practical and Legal Considerations Affecting Justice for Future People 113
6 Native Peoples and the Problem of Paternalism 117
Colonialism and the Exploitation of Indigenous People: The Case of Shell Oil 118
Paternalism, Consent, and Participative Justice 122
The Mescalero Apache, Paternalism, and Waste Disposal 124
Environmental Justice and the Mescalero 126
Geographical Inequality, Distributive Justice, and the Mescalero 128
History of the Nuclear Waste Issue 129
Science Relevant to Nuclear Waste Problem 131
7 Risky Occupational Environments, the Double Standard, and Just Compensation 135
Historical Background 138
The Theory of the Compensating Wage Differential 139
Arguments against the CWD 148
A Case Study: Six Hundred Thousand DOE Workers 152
Conclusions and Alternatives 161
8 Developing Nations, Equal Protection, and the Limits of Moral Heroism 163
The Social Progress Argument 166
The BloodyLoafArgument 167
The Consent Argument and a Moral Response to It 171
The Economic-RealityArgument and a Moral Response to It 175
Citizens' Responsibilities for Environmental Justice 177
9 Taking Action: Public Responsibility for Environmental
EnvironmentalJustice Advocacy 186
The Tilted Playing Field 186
Consequentialist Arguments for Environmental Justice Advocacy 195
Deontological Arguments for Environmental Justice Advocacy 197
Restrictions on Environmental-Justice Advocacy 197
Practical Steps: Working with Nongovernmental Organizations 202